An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease. The existence of fungi inside the organs of asympto. Endophytes have been recovered from all plants explored for their presence till date. This is an ovalelongate spore that is characterized by an elongate scar, slit, or furrow that parallels the long axis elsik, 1990. Among endophytic fungi, 11 were isolated for the first time from a tropical palm tree licualaramasaui and a novel species was designated idriella licualae rodrigues and samuals, 1990. The xylariaceae are a family of mostly small ascomycetous fungi. In the present study, the diversity, taxonomy, and. Class 3 endophytes are especially notable for their high diversity within individual host tissues, plants and populations. Endophytes are fungi associated with plants without causing symptoms, and they are quite diverse and have enormous potential for production of important secondary metabolites for the pharmaceutical industry. Although the existence of endophytes has been reported in many plants 2, the. Cendophytes fungi have different life styles from mutualism to parasitism, and the ncendophytes have life styles from mutualism to saprotrophic rodriguez et al. Xylariaceae is well known as a common endophyte in tropical plants and its potential bioactive secondary metabolite compounds attract many researchers to exploit this fungus 51,49,45. Plant pathogens and arbuscular mycorrhizae are the best known fungi associated to plants. Dna based identification and phylogenetic characterisation.
All these fungi were able to increase the concentration of indole compounds or its derivatives in our assays. Xylariaceae endophytic fungi metabolites against salmonella. Fungal endophytes are extremely common and highly diverse microorganisms that live within plant tissues, but usually remain asymptomatic. All of endophytes are important source for bioactive antimicrobial compounds, used in agriculture, commercial industry and in medicine schulz et al. There is major interest in\ud endophytic fungi, because of their excellent track record concerning the production of\ud novel and often bioactive compounds including the anticancer drugs taxol and taxane. Spores of this type have been interpreted as being similar to those produced by certain living ascomycetes in the family xylariaceae e.
Isolation and identification of lasparaginaseproducing. Fungi are known to occur both on plant surfaces epiphytes and inside plant tissues endophytes, but the two communities have rarely been compared. Pdf nuclear ribosomal 18s and internal transcribed spacer its sequence data were used to identify endophytic fungi cultured from six species of. A few other fungi were collected, including hypocreales nectrialike species, and endophytes cultured from the living leaves of rata. Identification of endophytic fungi of medicinal herbs of lauraceae and rutaceae with antimicrobial property minyuan ho1, wenchuan chung2, hungchang huang1, wenhsia chung3 and wenhsin chung1 1. Generally, xylariaceous endophytic infection of the leaves increased during the wet season.
In addition to those, numerous species of fungi known as endophytes inhabit the tissues of all plant species. Many endophytic xylariaceae remain sterile in culture or repro. They are typically found on wood, seeds, fruits, or plant leaves, some even associated with insect nests. Endophytic xylariaceae have been reported as common, sometimes dominant fungi within the microbiological flora of the roots of tropical. Pdf isolation and identification of fungal endophytes. Polyolassimilation capacities of licheninhabiting fungi. Pdf the xylariaceae as phytopathogens researchgate. Diversity, seasonal variation and antibacterial activity. This paper focuses on ligninolytic enzyme production by 581 endophytic xylariaceae strains isolated from healthy tropical native plants of northern thailand. Fungi are one of the most diverse carbon sourceassimilating organisms, living as saprobes, parasites and symbionts.
Many of these mycodiesel hydrocarbons are terpenes, a chemically diverse class of. Isolates of endophytic fungi from lauraceae and rutaceae were tested for antagonistic effects against plant pathogens using dualculture method. These fungi live inside plant tissues without inducing apparent symptoms in their hosts. Endophytic fungi spend the whole or part of their lifecycle colonizing interandor intracellularly healthy tissues of plants without causing apparent symptoms of disease 1. Endophytes are symbiont organisms that colonize the internal tissues of higher plants without causing any symptoms and these microbes can be isolated from plant tissues using strict surfacesterilized methods. Liverwort endophytes are expected to be foragers or endophytic specialists, although little is known about the role of these fungi in symbioses. In addition, these endophytes were screened for the production of some bioactive metabolites and extracellular enzymes. We compared epiphytic and endophytic fungal communities associated with leaves of coffee coffea arabica in puerto rico. Fungal endophytes from two orchid species pointer towards. A survey on endophytic fungi within roots of chenopodiaceae. September, 2012 ho et al fungal endophytes from lauraceae and rutaceae 231. A guild of mitosporic and teleosporic ascomycetes endophytic fungi cause.
Pdf endophytic xylaria xylariaceae among liverworts. Many endophytic fungi are known to produce a wide spectrum of volatile organic compounds vocs with potential energy applications, which have been described as mycodiesel. Endophytic fungi are ubiquitous plant endosymbionts that establish complex and poorly understood relationships with their host organisms. Hypoxylon were also found which belongs to xylariaceae, which are saprobes with huge endophytic potential. Along with the recognized finding of anticancer taxi in entophytic fungi from various taxus species worldwide, study in entophytic. Diversity and taxonomy of endophytic xylariaceous fungi. Endophytic fungi are present in all plant species investigated, and members of the xylariaceae are especially common in tropical plants. In cooler climates such as the one we enjoy in new brunswick grass endophytes are of no cencern at all. These fungi are broadly split into the taxonomically and ecologically cohesive clavicipitaceous endophytes, which infect grasses, and the taxonomically diverse nonclavicipitaceous endophytes, which are found in nearly all plants and have diverse ecological strategies.
We were unable to amplify the btubulin region for the taxa of otu6 and out15 in the its tree. Lasparaginase is an important anticancer enzyme that is used in the first line treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Collections of smaller fungi, such as the leaf inhabiting cup fungi, of which there were perhaps 19 species collected during the visits in 2005, remain to be treated. The taxon ranges from the cretaceous to the recent and. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Grass endophytes are a major economic problem in warmer parts of the world. The distribution of xylaria endophytes in the leaves of 22 tree species of a dry thorn forest and 27 tree species of a stunted montane evergreen forest of the western ghats in southern india was studied.
In this study, we classified 1160 fungal isolates from 29 medicinal plant species using traditional morphological methods. This is the first report demonstrating the potential of tropical endophytic xylariaceae spp. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date. We have fully monographed or revised 14 genera of the xylariaceae, including. The other endophytes were mostly xylariaceous fungi rodrigues et al. In chapter iii, i examined the grass agrostis capillaris in the context of a climate manipulation experiment in prairies in the pnw to elucidate patterns of interaction between multiple symbionts epichloe endophytes, dark septate root endophytes, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi within single hosts across climatic variation. All endophytes produced cellulase, and most of the isolates produced laccase and lipase enzymes suggesting. Antidiabetic and antioxidant bioactivity of various. All endophytes produced cellulase, and most of the isolates produced laccase and lipase enzymes suggesting continuing their life in plant litter as saprotrophs. Endophytes traditionally have been considered plant mutualists, mainly by reducing herbivory via production of mycotoxins, such as alkaloids. Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense wikipedia. Previously, we confirmed endophytic xylariaceous fungi as the dominant fungi in several dendrobium species of tropical regions from china. Ghwas 2 the endophytes fungi or bacteria are living a part or all of their life cycle and causing asymptomatic infections inside plant tissues wilson, 1995. Molecular analysis showed that most of the xylariaceous endophytes isolated belonged to xylaria or nemania.
Phylogenetic analysis of endophytic xylariaceae since endophytic fungi belonging to xylariaceae were most frequently isolated from samples of medicinal plants collected in this study, isolates of xylariaceae were further compared by the phylogenetic analysis out of both rdna lsu d1d2 and its regions. Fungal endophytes from two orchid species pointer towards organ specificity kotian sawmya, thanvanthri gururajan vasudevan, thokur sreepathy murali division of biotechnology, manipal life sciences centre, manipal university, manipal 576104, karnataka, india. Endophytic fungi inhabit the vascular tissues of higher plants, and many have formed a symbiotic relationship with their host. Some members of this family have been identified as endophytes and plant pathogens 15. Native plants were collected from doi sutheppui national park, thailand. Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense occurs when endophytic fungi, which live symbiotically with the majority of plants by entering their cells, often fungus or bacteruim, are utilized as an indirect defense against herbivores. One hypothesis for the role of xylariaceae endophytes holds that the. In addition, strains deposited beforehand were selected in which both endophytic strains. Endophytic xylariaceae have been reported as common, sometimes dominant fungi within the microbiological flora of the roots of tropical orchidaceae plants.
Seven healthy medicinal plants from family asteraceae were selected for the isolation of endophytic fungi using standard surface sterilization techniques. It is one of the most commonly encountered groups of ascomycetes and is found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. All the rice varieties resulted colonised by am fungi with a percentage of arbuscularisation ranging between 4% and 28%. This study was conducted to isolate lasparaginaseproducing endophytic fungi from medicinal plants of family asteraceae. When grasses are infected with endophytic fungi, they can receive important benefits such as antiherbivory from insects and vertebrates. Department of plant pathology, national chung hsing university, 250 kuo kuang rd. In general, the diversity of class 2 rodriguez et al. Isolation and characterization of plant growthpromoting. The colonization rate, isolation rate, and relative frequency of these endophytes were investigated. A study of the diversity, taxonomy, and ecology of endophytic xylariaceae ascomycota was carried out. Mar 05, 20 the diversity of the endophytic xylariaceous fungi in these seven dendrobium species was estimated using shannon and evenness indices, with the results indicating that the dominant xylariaceae taxa in each dendrobium species were greatly different, though common xylariaceous fungi were found in several dendrobium species. Lastly, the asexual designation of dse may need to be addressed as an unknown number of taxa anamorphic andor telomorphic are involved, and that a considerable functional and ecological overlap might exist between soil fungi, saprophytic rhizoplane.
The culture extracts were inhibitory to fungi, bacteria and algae indicating that they can compete with such organisms in the forest floor while surviving as saprotrophs. Fungi with similar life histories to class 3 endophytes also occur within asymptomatic lichens, and in that case are known as endolichenic fungi arnold et al. The culture extracts were inhibitory to fungi, bacteria and algae indicating that they can. Xylariaceae endophytic fungi metabolites against salmonella 121 of the myriad of ecosystems on earth, those havi ng the greatest biodiversity seem to be the ones also having endophytes with the greatest number and most diversity strobel et al. We asked whether the dominant fungi are the same in. All the tree species in both the forest types harboured xylariaceous. Identification of endophytic fungi of medicinal herbs of. Endophytic fungi, xylariaceae, arugosin, lansium domesticum, meliaceae. Apr 22, 2011 the relationship between certain grasses and endophytic fungi is a symbiosis and ranges from mutualistic to antagonistic. Diversity, seasonal variation and antibacterial activity of. In this study, we report for the first time fungi both endophytes and saprobes from antidesma madagascariense, a medicinal plant in mauritius, in view of identifying potential. Endophytic fungi residing in medicinal plants have not been systematically characterized. Fungal endophytes and their interaction with plant. Aug 18, 2005 plants harbor diverse communities of fungi and other microorganisms.
Endophytic fungi live within tissues of plant hosts without causing symptoms of disease. A lichen thallus provides habitats for many nonlichenized. More than 1100 species of fungi have been described or recorded worldwide from bamboo and include ca. Rice root colonisation by mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungi inhabit a unique biological niche and are categorized as highly diverse, polyphyletic group of primarily ascomycetous fungi, capable of colonizing tissues of plants asymptomatically without initiating any disease or overt negative symptoms.
Plants harbor diverse communities of fungi and other microorganisms. For the last three decades, an archive has been pooled that defines the existence and role of microbial endophytes for agricultural sustainability. Pdf xylariaceae endophytic fungi metabolites against. One hypothesis for the role of xylariaceae endophytes holds that the fungus is a quiescent colonizer and will later decompose cellulose and lignin when the plant begins to senesce petrini et al. Class 3 endophytes form highly localized infections, while class 2 and 4 endophytes are capable of extensive tissue colonization. Our analyses showed that xylariaceous fungi, as nonmycorrhizal fungi, are very abundant and diverse in the roots of dendrobium species. Diversity of fungal endophytes is 7% out of total of 1. Based on the phylogenetic analyses, each dendrobium species was associated with at least 3 otus of xylariaceous endophytes.
Consequently, 405 strains of xylariaceae 273 endophytic and 2 saprobic strains, including identifi ed strains were studied to reveal the diversity and taxonomy of endophytes and the relationships between those endophytes and saprobic xylariaceae in thailand that have been recorded according to fruitbody formation on decayed plant materials. Diversity and taxonomy of endophytic xylariaceous fungi from. Rapid discovery and functional characterization of terpene. For example, some endophytic fungi including many members of the xylariaceae family. They are commonly found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. Endophytic xylaria xylariaceae among liverworts and. Occurrence, classification, function and natural products chapter pdf available december 2016 with 7,335 reads how we measure reads. In the present study, the diversity, taxonomy, and distribution of culturable endophytic xylariaceous fungi associated with seven medicinal species of dendrobium orchidaceae were investigated.
Endophytic xylariaceae from the forests of western ghats, southern india. Rice root colonisation by mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi in. Among the 961 endophytes newly isolated, 217 xylariaceous fungi. The populations of am and of endophytic fungi were studied in the roots of different rice varieties grown in aerobic condition, in experimental fields in vercelli, north italy. Fungal epiphytes and endophytes of coffee leaves coffea. Pdf endophytic xylaria xylariaceae among liverworts and. A total of 837 isolates belonging to 84 species were comprised of the stem 55.
In this study, we obtained isolates of xylariaceae from healthy, attached leaves and teleomorphic stromata on decayed plant materials in a permanent plot at khao yai national park thailand. C endophytes fungi have different life styles from mutualism to parasitism, and the nc endophytes have life styles from mutualism to saprotrophic rodriguez et al. The xylariaceous endophytes formed 9 clades and represented 15 otus. Endophytic fungi that live inside healthy plant tissue without apparent. Endophytic xylariaceae have been documented in conifers, monocots, dicots, ferns, and lycopsids brunner and petrini, 1992. Consequently, 405 strains of xylariaceae 273 endophytic and 2 saprobic strains, including identified strains were studied to reveal the diversity and taxonomy of endophytes and the relationships between those endophytes and saprobic xylariaceae in thailand that have been recorded according to fruitbody formation on decayed plant materials.
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